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本文目录一览：
- 1、电力系统及自动化技术的应用
- 2、英语问题
- 3、电气工程及其自动化英文论文一篇 内容不限 题目要翻译好
- 4、大学里的 专业 及其英语翻译？大学所学各专业的 英文翻译
- 5、求电气工程及其自动化英文论文一篇 内容不限 题目要翻译好 谢谢
电力系统及自动化技术的应用
电力系统及自动化技术的应用
电力系统一直呈现不间断运行的状态，因此采用人工的 *** 实现对系统运行状态的监控，不仅会大量浪费人力资源，同时还会导致监控存在漏洞。采用自动化技术，能够实现对电力系统安全的自动化监控。
摘要：
自动化是电力系统未来主要的发展趋势。本文首先分析电力系统及其自动化英文文献了电力系统自动化的概念及流程，继而从数据处理、安全控制以及配电三方面，深入细致的阐述了电力系统及其自动化技术的应用，希望能够达到提高自动化技术的应用水平的目的。
关键词：
电力系统;自动化技术;应用
前言
人民的生产与生活离不开电力能源作为支撑，电力系统的功能便在于为人民提供所需的电力能源，进而维持社会各领域的运行。信息化技术的发展，使得自动化技术逐渐出现，将其应用到电力系统中，能够有效的实现电力系统的自动化，是电力领域目前重视的主要问题之一。
1电力系统自动化的概念
电力系统自动化即通过对信息化技术的应用，对系统中的数据以及信息等，进行自动化处理，并对其进行综合管理与控制的一种技术[1]。电力系统自动化的实现，对于电力领域管理效率的提高具有重要价值，与此同时，还能够有效的降低故障发生几率，提高系统中设备运行可靠性。众所周知，电力系统需要不间断的运行，才能维持社会的运行，而在长期的运行过程中，产生故障的几率必定会增加。电力系统自动化的实现，可以实现对系统运行状况的实时监控，一旦发生故障，工作人员能够及时感知，并对其加以处理，将故障的影响范围缩小，避免对社会造成更加严重的不良影响。
2电力系统自动化流程
电力系统自动化需要在计算机技术的支持下实现。由计算机设备作为调控中心，向各个变电站等所安装的控制设备进行 *** 覆盖，进而实现对电力系统各组成部分的监控。自动化控制系统的构成较为简单，仅包括控制对象与自动控制装置两种[2]。两者之间通过 *** 实现信息的互相传输，自动控制装置向控制对象发送控制信息，而控制对象则向自动控制装置发送检测信息，以此实现对对象整体状态的控制。
3电力系统及其自动化**技术的应用
电力自动自动化技术可以用于数据处理、安全控制以及配电系统的控制过程中，具体应用表现如下：
3.1数据处理的自动化
数据处理的自动化体现在数据整合与共享两方面[3]。(1)数据整合的意义在于将空间计算引入到主流计算中，实现计算效率得到提高。数据整合可以通过以下途径来实现：①电力企业应加强对电力用户的管理，通过建立数据库的方式，将用户的用电信息等数据储存到数据库之中，并采用自动化手段加以管理。与此同时，与其
3.2安全控制的自动化
安全控制自动化的实现主要体现在两方面：①对电力系统的安全控制;②为对自动化系统本身的安全控制。
(1)电力系统一直呈现不间断运行的状态，因此采用人工的 *** 实现对系统运行状态的监控，不仅会大量浪费人力资源，同时还会导致监控存在漏洞。采用自动化技术，能够实现对电力系统安全的自动化监控。监控系统能够从事实的角度出发，实时反映系统运行状况，并在发现风险时，实现自动报警。例如：作为电力系统的重要组成部分，电机组功能的实现往往影响着这个系统的稳定性，因此，如监控系统发现电机组存在问题，如功率过大等，便能够及时的实现报警。而工作人员则可以及时解决问题，缩短了问题解决时间，提高了效率，避免了大规模故障的出现，提高了电力系统运行的安全性。
(2)自动化系统本身由软件与硬件两部分组成，如不对其安全性进行控制，同样会出现风险。以数据的安全为例，为避免数据丢失，可采用及时存储并备份的 *** ，使数据安全得到保证。除此之外，一旦发现系统数据存在异常，还必须对其加以修复。
3.3配电的自动化
采用DSP数字信号处理技术，可以使配电自动化有效实现。上述技术能够解决数据传输过程中存在的干扰问题，提高数据传输速度，提高接收灵敏度，采用递归虚拟流算法，完成数据以及信息的计算，实现自动化配电，提高配电效率，降低配电过程中存在的风险，实现电力资源的优化调配。
4结论
电力自动化的实现是电力领域自动化发展的主要方向，应在以计算机为控制核心的基础上，通过对信息化技术的应用，从信息的传输与接收的角度出发，实现对数据的优化处理，与此同时，加强对电力系统以及自动化系统本身的控制，降低风险发生几率，并实现配电的自动化，以使我国电力领域能够得到更加长远的发展。
参考文献：
[1]杨肇辉.电力系统及其自动化技术的应用探讨[J].科技展望，2015，25：66+68.
[2]张秀菊，张剑枢.电力系统及其自动化技术的应用探讨[J].信息化建设，2015，11：382.
[3]杨絮.电力系统及其自动化技术的应用探讨[J].电子技术与软件工程，2015，12：169.
[4]江城.谈电力系统及其自动化技术的应用能力[J].科技资讯，2016，21：7~8.
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环境工程EnvironmentalEngineering
生物医学工程BiomedicalEngineering
食品科学与工程FoodScienceandEngineering
食品科学FoodScience
粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程Cereals,OilsandVegetableProteinEngineering
农产品加工及贮藏工程ProcessingandStorageofAgricultureProducts
水产品加工及贮藏工程ProcessingandStorageofAquaticProducts
农学Agriculture
作物学CropScience
作物栽培学与耕作学CropCultivationandFarmingSystem
作物遗传育种学CropGeneticsandBreeding
园艺学Horticulture
果树学Pomology
蔬菜学Olericulture
茶学TeaScience
农业资源利用学UtilizationScienceofAgriculturalResources
土壤学SoilScience
植物营养学PlantNutrition
植物保护学PlantProtection
植物病理学PlantPathology
农业昆虫与害虫防治AgriculturalEntomologyandPestControl
农药学PesticideScience
畜牧学AnimalScience
动物遗传育种与繁殖AnimalGenetics,BreedingandReproduction
Science
动物营养与饲料科学AnimalNutritionandFeedScience
草业科学PractacultureScience
特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）TheRearingofSpecial-typeEconomic
Animals(includingSilkworm,Honeybees,etc.)
兽医学VeterinaryMedicine
基础兽医学BasicVeterinaryMedicine
预防兽医学PreventiveVeterinaryMedicine
临床兽医学ClinicalVeterinaryMedicine
林学Forestry
林木遗传育种学ForestTreeGeneticsandBreeding
森林培育学Silviculture
森林保护学ForestProtection
森林经理学ForestManagement
野生动植物保护与利用WildlifeConservationandUtilization
园林植物与观赏园艺OrnamentalPlantsandHorticulture
水土保持与荒漠化防治SoilandWaterConservationandDesertificationCombating
水产学FisheriesScience
水产养殖学AquacultureScience
捕捞学FishingScience
渔业资源学ScienceofFisheriesResources
医学Medicine
基础医学BasicMedicine
人体解剖与组织胚胎学HumanAnatomy,HistologyandEmbryology
免疫学Immunology
病原生物学PathogenicOrgani *** s
病理学与病理生理学PathologyandPathophysiology
法医学ForensicMedicine
放射医学RadiationMedicine
航空航天与航海医学AerospaceandNauticalmedicine
临床医学ClinicalMedicine
内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internalmedicine(includingCardiology,Hematology,Respiratory,Gastroenterology,EndocrinologyandMetaboli *** ,Nephrology,Rheuma-tology,InfectiousDiseases)
儿科学Pediatrics
老年医学Geriatrics
神经病学Neurology
精神病与精神卫生学PsychiatryandMentalHealth
皮肤病与性病学DermatologyandVenereology
影像医学与核医学ImagingandNuclearMedicine
临床检验诊断学ClinicalLaboratoryDiagnostics
护理学Nursing
外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery(GeneralSurgery,Orthopedics,Urology,CardiothoracicSurgery,Neurosurgery,PlasticSurgery,BurnSurgery,FieldSurgery)
妇产科学ObstetricsandGynecology
眼科学OphthalmicSpecialty
耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology
肿瘤学Oncology
康复医学与理疗学RehabilitationMedicinePhysicalTherapy
运动医学SportsMedicine
麻醉学Anesthesiology
急诊医学EmergencyMedicine
口腔医学Stomatology
口腔基础医学BasicScienceofStomatology
口腔临床医学ClinicalScienceofStomatology
公共卫生与预防医学PublicHealthandPreventiveMedicine
流行病与卫生统计学EpidemiologyandHealthStatistics
劳动卫生与环境卫生学OccupationalandEnvironmentalHealth
营养与食品卫生学NutritionandFoodHygiene
儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal,ChildandAdolescentHealth
卫生毒理学HygieneToxicology
军事预防医学MilitaryPreventiveMedicine
中医学ChineseMedicine
中医基础理论BasicTheoriesofChineseMedicine
中医临床基础ClinicalFoundationofChineseMedicine
中医医史文献HistoryandLiteratureofChineseMedicine
方剂学FormulasofChineseMedicine
中医诊断学DiagnosticsofChineseMedicine
中医内科学ChineseInternalMedicine
中医外科学SurgeryofChineseMedicine
中医骨伤科学OrthopedicsofChineseMedicine
中医妇科学GynecologyofChineseMedicine
中医儿科学PediatricsofChineseMedicine
中医五官科学OphthalmologyandOtolaryngoloyofChineseMedicine
针灸推拿学AcupunctureandMoxibustionandTuinaofChinesemedicine
民族医学Ethnomedicine
中西医结合医学ChineseandWesternIntegrativeMedicine
中西医结合基础医学BasicDisciplineofChineseandWesternIntegrative
中西医结合临床医学ClinicalDisciplineofChineseandWesternIntegrativeMedicine
药学PharmaceuticalScience
药物化学MedicinalChemistry
药剂学Pharmaceutics
生药学Pharmacognosy
药物分析学PharmaceuticalAnalysis
微生物与生化药学MicrobialandBiochemicalPharmacy
药理学Pharmacology
中药学ScienceofChinesePharmacology
军事学MilitaryScience
军事思想学及军事历史学MilitaryThoughtandMilitaryHistory
军事思想学MilitaryThought
军事历史学MilitaryHistory
战略学ScienceofStrategy
军事战略学MilitaryStrategy
战争动员学WarMobilization
战役学ScienceofOperations
联合战役学JointOperation
军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）ArmedServiceOperation(includingOperationofStrategicMissileForce)
战术学ScienceofTactics
合同战术学Combined-ArmsTactics
兵种战术学BranchTactics
军队指挥学ScienceofCommand
作战指挥学CombatCommand
军事运筹学MilitaryOperationResearch
军事通信学MilitaryCommunication
军事情报学MilitaryIntelligence
密码学Cryptography
军事教育训练学
（含军事体育学）MilitaryEducationandTraining(includingMilitaryPhysicalTraining)
军制学ScienceofMilitarySystem
军事组织编制学MilitaryOrganizationalSystem
军队管理学MilitaryManagement
军队政治工作学ScienceofMilitaryPoliticalWork
军事后勤学与军事装备学ScienceofMilitaryLogisticsandMilitaryEquipment
军事后勤学MilitaryLogistics
后方专业勤务RearSpecialService
军事装备学MilitaryEquipment
管理学ManagementScience
管理科学与工程ManagementScienceandEngineering
工商管理学ScienceofBusinessAdministration
会计学Accounting
企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）CorporateManagement(includingFinancialManagement,Marketing,andHumanResourcesManagement)
旅游管理学TouristManagement
技术经济及管理学TechnologyEconomyandManagement
农林经济管理学AgriculturalandForestryEconomicsManagement
农业经济管理学AgriculturalEconomicsManagement
林业经济管理学ForestryEconomicsManagement
公共管理学ScienceofPublicManagement
行政管理学AdministrationManagement
社会医学与卫生事业管理学SocialMedicineandHealthManagement
教育经济与管理学EducationalEconomyandManagement
社会保障学SocialSecurity
土地资源管理学LandResourceManagement
图书馆、情报与档案学ScienceofLibrary,InformationandArchival
图书馆学LibraryScience
情报学InformationScience
档案学ArchivalScience
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电气工程及其自动化英文论文一篇 内容不限 题目要翻译好
电气工程电力系统及其自动化英文文献：
1
Electrical Engineering
My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent.
Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major.
My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step.
For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research.
During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well.
The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems.
In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications.
It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use.
India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies.
2
Electrical Engineering
As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers.
Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me.
In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge.
Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionali *** and creativity are my most valued strengths.
At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability.
As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year.
Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized.
Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely *** yzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do.
3
I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering
During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my clas *** ates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career.
My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusia *** while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CG *** ) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and *** og VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential.
The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school.
I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EESOR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EESOR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision *** ysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy issues.Thus, the EESOR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusia *** and zeal.The technical edge that the MS would provide is incomparable.Since I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education.
Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EESOR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological innovation.The data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment *** ysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EESOR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to *** yze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program.
My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with others.Stanford's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my clas *** ates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium.
4
Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organi *** s, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and *** ysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, etc.
Electromagnetic Bioengineering
With the development and integration of electromagneti *** , biology and medicine, biological electromagneti *** exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, *** yze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, *** yze and test live organi *** or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects
方向对不对电力系统及其自动化英文文献，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
大学里的 专业 及其英语翻译？大学所学各专业的 英文翻译
电气工程及其自动化 Electronical Engineering and Automation
哲学 Philosophy
马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxi ***
中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy
外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies
逻辑学 Logic
伦理学 Ethics
美学 Aesthetics
宗教学 Science of Religion
科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology
经济学 Economics
理论经济学 Theoretical Economics
政治经济学 Political Economy
经济思想史 History of Economic Thought
经济史 History of Economic
西方经济学 Western Economics
世界经济 World Economics
人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics
应用经济学 Applied Economics
国民经济学 National Economics
区域经济学 Regional Economics
财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation)
金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance)
产业经济学 Industrial Economics
国际贸易学 International Trade
劳动经济学 Labor Economics
统计学 Statistics
数量经济学 Quantitative Economics
中文学科、专业名称 英文学科、专业名称
国防经济学 National Defense Economics
法学 Law
法学 Science of Law
法学理论 Jurisprudence
法律史 Legal History
宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law
刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence
民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )
诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws
经济法学 Science of Economic Law
环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law
国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)
军事法学 Science of Military Law
政治学 Political Science
政治学理论 Political Theory
中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution
科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Sociali *** and International
Communist Movement
*** 党史(含党电力系统及其自动化英文文献的学说与党电力系统及其自动化英文文献的建设) History of the Communist Party of China
(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)
马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics
国际政治学 International Politics
国际关系学 International Relations
外交学 Diplomacy
社会学 Sociology
社会学 Sociology
人口学 Demography
人类学 Anthropology
民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)
民族学 Ethnology
民族学 Ethnology
马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy
中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics
中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History
中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art
教育学 Education
教育学 Education Science
教育学原理 Educational Principle
课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology
教育史 History of Education
比较教育学 Comparative Education
学前教育学 Pre-school Education
高等教育学 Higher Education
成人教育学 Adult Education
职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education
特殊教育学 Special Education
教育技术学 Education Technology
心理学 Psychology
基础心理学 Basic Psychology
发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology
应用心理学 Applied Psychology
体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports
体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports
运动人体科学 Human Movement Science
体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training
民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports
文学 Literature
中国语言文学 Chinese Literature
文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art
语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology
中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text
中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature
中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature
中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and
Literature
比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature
外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures
英语语言文学 English Language and Literature
俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature
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求电气工程及其自动化英文论文一篇 内容不限 题目要翻译好 谢谢
用于分布式在线UPS中电力系统及其自动化英文文献的并联逆变器电力系统及其自动化英文文献的一种无线控制器
A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS Systems
Josep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla"
. Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de Catalunya
C. Comte d'Urgell, 187.08036 -Barcelona. Spain. Email: josep.m.guerrero@upc.es .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de Catalunya
AV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. Spain
Absiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnected
online-UPS inverters without control wire
interconnections is presented. The wireless control technique is
based on the well-known droop method, which consists in
introducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order to
share properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop method
has been widely used in applications of load sharing between
different parallel-connected inverters. However, this method
has several drawbacks that limited its application, such as a
trade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharing
accuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phase
deviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable the
method in online-UPS systems, since in this case every module
must be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome these
limitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to the
paralleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictly
frequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, and
excellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental results
are reported confirming the validity of the proposed approach.
1. INTRODUCTION
The parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible Power
Supplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supply
critical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and power
availability are required. In the last years, many control
schemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,
which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters
[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democratic
control [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have been
appeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], or
the distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes need
control interconnections between modules and, hence, the
reliability of the system is reduced since they can be a source
of noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wires
limited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].
In this sense, several control techniques has been proposed
without control interconnections, such as the droop method.
In this method, the control loop achieves good power sharing
making tight adjustments over the output voltage frequency
and amplitude of the inverter, with the objective to
compensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].
This concept is derived from the power system theory, in
which the frequency of a generator drops when the power
drawn to the utility line increases [8].
0-7803-7906-3/03/$17.00 02003 IEEE. 1637
However, this control approach has an inherent trade-off
between voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,
this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requires
low-pass filters to calculate the average value of the active
and reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics of
the whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristics
of these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,
which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations of
the output voltage amplitude and frequency.
Besides, when active power increases, the droop
characteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominal
value and, consequently, it results in a variable phase
difference between the mains and the inverter output voltage.
This fact can be a problem when the bypass switch must
connect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead of
its phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented in
order to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractive
UPS systems. The first one is to locate a particular
module near the bypass switch, which must to synchronize
the output voltage to the mains while supporting overload
condition before switch on. The second possibility is to wait
for the instant when phase matching is produced to connect
the bypass.
However, the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to a
parallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer time
ought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modules
must be always synchronized with the mains when it is
present. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transfer
directly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in case
of overload or failure [lo].
In our previous works [11][12], we proposed different
control schemes to overcome several limitations of the
conventional droop method. However, these controllers by
themselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-
UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme is
proposed to parallel different online UPS modules with high
performance and restricted requirements. The controller
provides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharing
accuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phase
matching between the output-voltage and the utility line.
Thus, this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-
UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability and
power availability. Simulation and experimental results are
reported, confirming the validity of this control scheme.
Fig. 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bus
t"
Fig. 2. P-odraop function.
11. REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHOD
Fig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connected
to a common bus through coupled impedance. When this
impedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawn
to the load can be expressed as
EVcosQ - V2 Q=
where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phase
angle between the output voltage of the inverter and the
voltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of the
output voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage,
respectively.
From the above equations it can be derived that the active
power P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,
while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltage
amplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control of
paralleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,
which introduces the following droops in the amplitude E
and the frequency U of the inverter output voltage
u = w -mP (3)
E = E ' - n Q , (4)
being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitude
at no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficients
for the frequency and amplitude, respectively.
Furthermore, a coupled inductance is needed between the
inverter output and the critical bus that fixes the output
impedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,
it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPS
modules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distorted
when supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedance
is a pure inductance.
It is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,
then good power sharing is achieved at the expense of
degrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).
The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts the
mentioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation in
terms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, and
system stability.
On the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,
expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate the
average value over one line-cycle of the output active and
reactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented by
means of low pass filters with a *** aller bandwidth than that
of the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the power
calculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a large
extent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinverter
system [ 131.
In conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsic
problems to be applied 1.0 a wireless paralleled-system of
online UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:
Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation
(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharing
accuracy (active an4d reactive).
2) Limited transient response. The system dynamics
depends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,
the droop coefficients, and the output impedances.
Lost of ac mains synchronization. The frequency and
phase deviations, due to the frequency droop, make
impracticable this method to a parallel-connected
online UPS system, in which every UPS should be
continuously synchronized to the public ac supply.
1)
3)
111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPS
INVERTERS
In this work, we will try to overcome the above limitations
and to synthesize a novel control strategy without
communication wires that could be appropriate to highperformance
paralleled industrial UPS. The objective is to
connect online UPS inverters in parallel without using
control interconnections. This kind of systems, also named
inverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized to
the utility line. When an overload or an inverter failure
occurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line to
the load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].
Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed online
UPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utility
bus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and the
secure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. The
interface between these buses is based on a number of online
UPS modules connected in parallel, which provides
continuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modules
include a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a static
bypass switch.
1
1638
Q ac mains
utility bus
I I I
j distributed loads !
Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS system.
syposr /
I 4
(4
Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.
(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failure
The main operation modes of a distributed online UPS
1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, from
the utility through the distributed UPS units.
2) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, the
UPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from the
batteries, without disruption.
Bypass operation: When an overload situation occurs,
the bypass switch must connect the critical bus
directly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee the
continuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damage
of the UPS modules.
For this reason, the output-voltage waveform should be
synchronized to the mains, when this last is present.
system are listed below (see Fig. 5):
3)
Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droop
method can not satisfy the need for synchronization with the
utility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, which
provokes a phase deviation.
To obtain the required performance, we present a transient
P-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,
proposed previously by OUT in [ 111
w=o -mP (5)
where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,
which is done by
. -
I t -1s
P= p ,
( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )
being zthe time constant of the transient droop action.
The transient droop function ensures a stable frequency
regulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the same
time, achieves active power balance by adjusting the
frequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, to
adjust the phase of the modules we propose an additional
synchronizing loop, yielding
o=w'-m%k,A$, (7)
where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and the
mains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequency
adjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can be
obtained by measuring the utility line frequency.
The second term of the previous equality trends to zero in
steady state, leading to
w = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)
being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverter
and the utility mains, respectively.
Taking into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain the
next differential equation, which is stable fork, positive
d$ *
dt dt
- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)
Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency will
decrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will be
synchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawn
to the loads.
IV. CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATION
Fig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposed
controller. The average active power P , without the dc
component, can be obtained by means of multiplying the
output voltage by the output current, and filtering the product
........................................................................................
io
",.
L
Sj'nchronirorion loop
.......................................................................................
Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed controller.
using a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the average
reactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltage
must be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass filter.
In order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation
(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequency
mains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient active
power signal term; and the phase difference term, which
is added in order to synchronize the output voltage with the
ac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltage
amplitude is regulated by using the conventional
droop method (4).
Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided by
using a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists in
emulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the output
voltage proportionally to the time derivative of the output
current. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highorder
current-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltage
THD. This can be easily solved by using a high-pass
filter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,
which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].
Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance can
reduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedance
impact over the power sharing accuracy.
v. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTS
The proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulated
with the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shown
in Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. The
coefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,
proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7
shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,
phase difference between the modules and the utility line,
and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note the
excellent synchronization between the modules and the
ACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...I.P...S...1... ..........................B...u...n...r.r..r..e..s... ................................... i
Fig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,
mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharing
obtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller to
the online UPS paralleled systems.
Two I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order to
show the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPS
inverter consisted of a single-phase IG *** full-bridge with a
switching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, with
the following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,
v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters were
based on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PI
controller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharing
controller, based on (4) and (7). The last controller
was implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint
40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from Texas
Instruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in Table
I. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order to
synchronize the inverter with the common bus. When this
occurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbased
control is initiated.
1640
big 7 Wa\cfc)rms for twu.invencr, ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.
(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#dth e ai mum
(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPS
Note that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ inrblrr
1641
TABLEI.
PARAMETEROSF THE PARALLELESDYS TEM.
Filter Order I I
Filter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I rags
Fig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of the
UPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallel
without load. Notice that a *** all reactive current is circling
between the modules, due to the measurement mi *** atches.
Then, a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connected
suddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharing
of the paralleled system when sharing a nonlinear
load.
Fig. 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of B
common nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:
5 Mdiv.).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnected
online UPS systems, was proposed. The controller
is based on the droop method, which avoids the use of
control interconnections. In a sharp contrast with the
conventional droop method, the controller presented is able
to keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictly
synchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaining
good load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact let
us to extend the droop method to paralleled online UPS.
On the other hand, the proposed controller emulates a
special kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physical
coupled inductance. Th.e results reported here show the
effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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